zhanyeye's learning log

选词填空

1. 确定空格所填词性
2. 找出对应词性单词
3. 结合文章意思填空

(首先去找空前面有： 冠词，adj.，代词，to, 情态动词)

• a/ an/ the/ my/ adj./ some + n

• a/ an/ the/ + adj. + n

• 情态动词(can/ may/ must/ could/ will/ 不定式to ) + v.(原型)

  1	beginning of an __ -> 名词，单数，元音开头

升级结构：

• a/ an / the + adj. / adv. + adj. + n.

• a/ an/ the + adj. + adj. + n.

  1	, or a __ different attitude toward its human hosts. -> adv./adj.

• 情态动词(can/ may/ must/ could/ will/ 不定性to) + ___ + do

  (发现情态动词，往后面看一眼，若后面已经有动词原形了，考虑填adv.)

  1 2	..., but I could hardly __ to know my way around the continent. -> v. I can __ do it. -> adv.

• n./pron. + 谓语动词（注意时态） + n. / pron.
  （如果主语是 it 的话，一定是三单啦！！）

  1 2	i __ you -> 谓语动词 the teacher who __ to me.

• 主语 + adv. + 谓语 + 宾语
  （句子或短语成分完整的时候考虑副词）

  1	I _never_ do it. -> adv.

• be + adv. + adj. (作表语)

  1	It's _very_ important for me -> adv.

• be + done + adv. / (be + adv + done)

  1 2	He's hurt _badly_ -> adv. He became _confused_

• 关注空格前后有无出现 and / or

  1 2 3

  Good, sound science depends on __, experiments and reasoned methodologies. -> n.复数 good science also requires __ understanding, clear explanation and concise presentation. -> adj. suspiciously blemish-free vegetables and __ large chickens piled high in supermarkets. -> adv. (贬义)

  Read more »

单源最短路问题

在带权图 G=(V,E) 中，每条边都有一个权值 wi，即边的长度。路径的长度为路径上所有边权之和。单源最短路问题是指：求源点 s 到图中其余各顶点的最短路径。

如果用我们之前学习的 dfs 来解决单源最短路问题，效率上会很慢，能解决的问题的数据规模非常小。

而 bfs 能解决的最短路问题只限制在边权为 1 的图上。对于边权不同的图，利用 bfs 求解最短路是错误的。

解决单源最短路径问题常用 Dijkstra 算法，用于计算一个顶点到其他所有顶点的最短路径。Dijkstra 算法的主要特点是以起点为中心，逐层向外扩展（这一点类似于 bfs，但是不同的是，bfs 每次扩展一个层，但是 Dijkstra 每次只会扩展一个点），每次都会取一个最近点继续扩展，直到取完所有点为止

非负权图 , 贪心思想

邻接矩阵

基于 vector 邻接表

带权邻接表

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
struct node {
    int v, w;
};
vector<node> G[11];
void insert1(int u, int v, int w) {
    node temp;
    temp.v = v;
    temp.w = w;
    G[u].push_back(temp);
}
void insert2(int u, int v, int w) {
    insert1(u, v, w);
    insert1(v, u, w);
}
void input() {
    int m;
    cin >> m;
    for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
        int u, v, w;
        cin >> u >> v >> w;
        insert2(u, v, w);
    }
}

void output() {
    for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < G[i].size(); j++) {
            cout << "(" << i << ", " << G[i][j].v << ", " << G[i][j].w << ")" << endl;
            
        }
    }
}
int main() {
    input();
    output();
    return 0;
}

financial crises

eloquent /‘ɛləkwənt/ adj. 雄辩的，有口才的

pension /‘pɛnʃən/ 养老金

drawback /‘drɔbæk/ n. 缺点，不利条件；退税

stereotype /‘stɛrɪətaɪp/ n. 陈腔滥调，老

slim /slɪm/ adj. 苗条的；修长的

hinder /‘hɪndɚ/ vt. 阻碍；打扰 adj. 后面的

sufficient /səˈfɪʃənt/

benefits 复数-> 福利 n. 福利，效益

mortgage /‘mɔrɡɪdʒ/ 贷款

temperamental /‘tɛmprəmənt/ adj. 喜怒无常的；性情的；易兴奋的

insurance policy 保险单
insure 上保险 insure your belongings 给你的财产上保险
ensure 确保

downsize 规模上的缩小
shrink

lay offs 失业的人，解雇

现在分词做状语型

Time and again, science and technology has created wonders and even miracles, thus fortifying our belief in it.

• time and again adv. 屡次；常常
• wonder /‘wʌndɚ/ n. 惊奇；奇观；惊愕 vi. 怀疑；想知道
• miracle /‘mɪrəkl/ n. 奇迹
• fortify /‘fɔrtɪfaɪ/ vt. 加强；增强

The Internet has penetrated every aspect of daily life, greatly affecting our ways of communication.

• penetrate /‘pɛnətret/ vt. 渗透；穿透；洞察

Technological innovation really brings us much convenience, exerting a huge impact on our traditional cultures.

• exert /ɪɡ’zɝt/ vt. 运用，发挥；施以影响
• exert a impact on …. 对 … 施加影响

过去分词做状语

Invented less than a hundred years ago, computers are now used everywhere.

• ago 以前，以往
• three days ago 三天前

定语从句

The reform and opening-up policy in China has led to rapid economic growth, which has given rise to a higher standard of living.

• 导致 ： lead to ; result in ; give rise to

In recent years, China is marked by raped economic growth and continuous technological innovation

15 ~ 18 句左右

现在分词做状语

状语，修饰动词或者修饰整个句子 ：时间，地点状语…… in the morning, in China

(1) 主要动词与次要动词先比较，不超前，不落后，同时发生

他常常做在那里，思考这自己的未来
He often sits there.
He thinks about his future.
当2句话主语动词同时发生，可以合并成一句， 主 + 谓 + 宾，doing/ done
He often sits there, thinking about his future

我去北京的时候， 一心想快点赚钱
When I went to Beijing, I hoped to earn quick money.
I went to Beijing, hoping to earn(make) quick money.

我喜欢坐在茶馆里，听着音乐，喝着龙井茶
I love to sit in the teahouses, listening to my music and drinking my Longjing tea.

环顾四周，我震惊地意识到我是车上剩下的唯一乘客
I looked around.
I realized with a shock that I was the only passenger left on the bus. (left -> leave)
因为后面一句太长，做次要部分有些变扭，所以把后面作为主句，前面作为次要部分
Looking around, I realized with a shock that I was the only passenger left on bus.

(2) 有时一个动作和另一个动作不是同时发生，但照顾到两个动作连贯，一气呵成。

他冲了出去，大声叫着
He rushed out, shouting loudly.

过去分词做状语

从紫禁城顶上往下眺望，南京看起来很漂亮
Nanjing is seen from top of the Purple Mountain.
Nanjing looks beautiful.
seen from top of the Purple mountain, Nanjing looks beautiful.
seeing from top of the Purple mountain, we find Naning beautiful.

建于1885年，这是赛场上最老的赛车
The car was built in 1885. (将主语和 be 动词省去)
It was the oldest car at the race. （中文没有主语，添加主语it）
Built in 1885, it was the oldest car at the race.
英语中过去分词更喜欢放在主语之前，现在分词多放在主语之后

为这个奸邪的世道所伤，他丢下了一切，成为了一个和尚
He was hurt by this evil world.
He abandoned everything/left everything behind, becoming a monk.
hurt by this wicked world, he abandoned everything/left everything behind, becoming a monk.
leave behind 留下；遗留；超过

Terribly hurt by this wicked world, he left everything behind and become a monk.(2个动词用and并列)

对这个奸邪的世道已经失望，她纵深跳入河内
Greatly disappointed at(in/ by) the wick world, she jumped into the river.
disappoint v. 使失望

毁于1900年，圆明园去年得以重建
Ruined in 1900，the Old Summer Place was rebuilt last year.

定语从句

(从句也是一个完整的句子:有主 + 谓)

(1)构成方式：先行词 + 关系代词 + 从句

现在站在街角的那个女人可能是我的邻居
probably adv. 很可能
corner n. 角落
The woman who is standing at the street corner is probably my neighbor.

张艺谋因其创造性的想象力而蜚声于海内外，与团队努力奋斗，推出了恢宏的体育盛宴开幕式。
ZYM, who has got a reputation for his creativity and imagination both at home and abroad, worked hard with his team to present the fantastic sport gala opening ceremony.

get reputation 得到名誉
creativity and imagination 创造力和想象力
both at home and abroad 在国内外
opening ceremony 开幕式
gala n. 祝贺，庆祝
非限制性定语从结局（加，），表明名词独一无二，物体用which,人用who

我父亲造的那个屋子有20年的历史

The house which my father built has a history of 20 years. (which 做宾语 可以省略)

The house (which) was built by my father has a history of 20 years.

the house built by my father

• 有多少年的历史： have a history of

这是我去年拜访的山村
This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
This is the mountain village where I visited last year. (X)

(2) 关系代词在从句中做成分–主语或宾语，做宾语时可以省略。

这就是我出生和长大的地方
grow up; be raised; be brought up; be bred;

This is the place.
I was born and raised in the place.
This is the place which I was born and raised in. （介词in 要提前）
This is the place in which I was born and raised .
This is the place where I was born and raised. (不正式)

(3) “介词 + 关系代词which” 表示地点 = where; 表时间 = when

我还记得我们相亲的那个冬日
I still remember the winter day.
we had our blind date on the winter day.
I still remember the winter day on which we had our blind date. (on which = when)

非谓语动词

n. 可以修饰 n. 的

分词可以做定语的哦！！！

doing(主动), done（被动）, to do

坐在教室里的一些学生正在准备考试
Some students who are sitting in classroom are preparing for the coming exam.
Some students sitting(分词) in classroom are preparing for the coming(分词做定语) exam

比赛中受伤的那条马腿马上就会康复
The leg which was hurt in the race will recover soon.
The leg hurt in the race will recover soon.

• recover 恢复
• race /reɪs/ n.赛事，赛跑; 种；种族

倒装 （最后一段用）

对于一个年轻人，需要生吃俭用和辛苦工作，只有这样才能以较快的速度积累财富。
a young man needs to save up and work hard. he can accumulate fortune in a quicker way.
means n.方法
mean v. 意思; adj.卑鄙

only in this way +(注意之间没有’,’) 倒装（情态动词, be动词, 助主动 提前）
by this means = in this way

A young man needs to save up and work hard. Only by this means can he gather a big fortune in a quicker way.

只有这样，我们才能取得成功；只有这样，我们的社会才能变的更加和谐
Only by this way can we achieve sucess and Only by this means can our society become more harmonious to live in.

强调

It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 句子剩余部分

是团队合作最终最终使我们取得了成功

Teamwork makes it possible for us to achieve success.

It is teamwork that makes it possible for us to achieve success.

make it possible for sb. to …

I met your mother in the street this morning.
It was I who met your mother in the street this morning.
It was your mother who I mer in the street this morning.
It was in the street that I met …
It was this morning that I met your …

It is respect for other that allows one to gain respect.

虚拟语气

It is important/ vital/ essential/ urgent/ imperative/ necessary that ... (should) 命令的口吻

• imperative /ɪm’perətɪv/ adj. 必要的

我们马上找到他，这是很紧急的。
It is essential that we should find him immediately.

It is imperative that we should take actions to address the quandary.
quandary n. 困惑；窘境；为难
address the quandary

It is important that he be operated on at once.

It is high time that

• + 过去式
• + should + do

是时候我们应该客观看待自己
It is high time that we looked at ourselves objectively.

It is high time that we took some measures.

绪论：初识机器学习

T 解决某一任务T

E 从经验E中学习

P 进行某一性能度量

监督学习算法：

我们给算法一个数据集，其中包含了正确答案，算法的目的就是给出更多的正确答案，

• 回归问题(Regression problem)：我们想要预测连续的数值输出

  • 如：预测房价

• 分类问题(Classification problem)：设法预测一个离散值输出 0 或 1 (或者2个以上的输出值)

  • 使用了特征或者说属性
  • 可能会有处理很多特征的算法
  • 如：医疗数据预测肿瘤

无监督学习（unsupervised）：

对于给定的数据集，无监督学习算法可能判定，该数据集包含两个不同的簇，就是聚类算法

• 数据都有相同的标签或者都没有标签
• 聚类算法的例子：Google news, 基因组学，大型计算机集群（找出那些机器趋向于协同工作），社交网络分析（判断哪些人相互认识，在同一个社交圈），市场细分应用 （更具客户信息，将客户分到不同的细分市场）， 天文数据分析
• 我们只告诉算法这儿有一堆数据，不知道这些数据是是什么，是什么类型，自动找出这些数据的类型，按得到的类型把这些个体分成簇。
• 没有把数据集的正确答案给算法

• 鸡尾酒会问题

expose /ɪk'spoz；ek-/ vt. 揭露，揭发；使曝光；显示

impose /ɪm'poz/ vi. 利用；欺骗；施加影响; vt. 强加；征税；以…欺骗

dispose /dɪ'spoz/ vt. 处理；处置；安排 ->替换 solve

2013 年 12月 第一套

中国园林（the Chinese garden） 是进过三千多年演变而成的独具一格的园林景观（landscape）

• After …, A 成为 B

• 园林成为景观

• After 3000 years of evolution, the Chinese gardens have become a unique landscape.

• become -> became -> become

的， 是， 有

• 的：介词of
• 是：
• 有：there be, have, with

解决逗号

• 拆成若干个分句
• 介词短语+句子 with
• 句子+连词+句子
• 使用非谓语动词