的， 是， 有
- 的：介词of
- 是：
- 有：there be, have, with
解决逗号
- 拆成若干个分句
- 介词短语+句子 with
- 句子+连词+句子
- 使用非谓语动词
词性转换
解决中文多个动词有
你决定战胜复习考试的困难，这一点我很羡慕
从句：我羡慕that(宾语从句) 你决定 to 战胜 困难 of 复习ing 考试
从句：I admire that you decide to fight for the difficulties in preparing the examination.
词性转化：I admire your decision to fight for the difficulties in preparing the examination.
动词 -> 名词 (英文爱用名词)
各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异
Customs and traditions about celebration of the Chinese New Year vary widely from place to place.
中文：动宾 => 名词 + 介词 + 名词 （英文爱用名词）
庆祝春节：the celebration of the Chinese Year这次事故是因为他玩忽职守而造成（因果关系）的 玩忽职守->失职 （动宾结构）
This accident resulted from his neglect of duties.
! 当看见 “造成” 时，可能存在因果关系，-> 考虑非常含蓄的应该关系
原因放前： 导致 result in
结果放前： 归因于 result from我的一些同学唱歌很好
Some of my classmates are good singers.
我们出口上述产品，已经经营了30年
We are exporters(出口商) of the above goods. running for 30 years.
run a risk 冒险他统治那个地区已经20年了
He has been a ruler/dominator of that district for 20 years.由动词派生的名词
+ 后缀火箭已经被用来探索宇宙
Rockets have been used for the exploration (探究) of the universe.动词 -> 介词
通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭
Chinese families gather for the annual(年度的) reunion dinner.
一个主语 + 2个动作：
1 & 2，1 to 2她转身蹦蹦跳跳地跑了，越过草地，踏上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进入门廊
Away she skipped over the grassland, up the path and the steps, across the veranda/ balony and into the porch/ lobby.
这里有许多山脉，生长着大片的森林，储藏着丰富的矿藏
There are mountains with extensive(大量的，广阔的) forests and rich mineral.
动词 -> 形容词 be + adj
在清朝和明朝（the Ming and Qing Dynasties）时期，特别流行
It was widespread(adj. 普遍的，广泛的) particularly during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
他们不信任他，讨厌他
They were suspicious and resentful(adj. 厌恶的) of him.这个解决办法无法让人接受
This solution is not acceptable.一个好领导不满足于仅仅守住已有的成就
A good leader is not content with merely taking care of / guarding what’s already there.世界各地的观众都喜欢米老鼠的电影
Movies about Mickey Mouse have been popular with audience everywhere.
A about B : B 的 A他们迫切地想获得消息
They were news-hungry.
They are eager(adj. 渴望的) for getting news.
eager adj. 渴望的；热切的；热心的人们意识到…
people are aware(adj. 意识的，知道的) that …
删除法
愚人会很快忘记说过的话，智者
会很快放弃手里的钱
A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money.
(A man of genius and his money = A man of genius and his money are soon parted)
他满怀希望地说谈判会
取得成功
He spoke hopefully of the success of the negotiation.
取得成功 = 取得n. of 成功； 直接删去取得好了不影响意思
在观看篮球比赛之后，主席还有一个重要会议要
参加
After the basketball match, the chairman still has an important meeting.
解决 ’ ,‘ 用 介词 after
这种新型飞机正越来越引起人们的注意—这种飞机体积不大，价格便宜
A new kind of aircraft - small and cheap -(插入语) is attracting increasing attention.
attract attention 吸引注意力
它的妻子认为，这件家具
价格昂贵而且外表难看
His wife thinks that this furniture is expensive and ugly.
添了一个 is
成千上万的高校学生一起涌到火车站欢迎他们的足球队凯旋
Thousands of student from the city’s colleges flooded into the railway station to welcome the arrival/triumphal of their football team.
一个主语 2个动词，并且表示目的用 to
他没有致闭幕词就宣布会议结束
He dismissed(解散； 解雇) the meeting without a closing speech.
我们不创造幸福就无权享受幸福，正如如果
我们不创造财富就无权享受财富一样
We have no more rights to consume happiness without producing it than to consume the wealth without creating it.
学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆
Learn without thought is vain(徒劳的； 无用的); thought without learning is idle(闲置的).
时态转换
“在，正在，正” “着” 多用于表示动作正在进行过程中。
两方面因素推动着机器人技术发展：技术和经济
Two factors are pushing the development of robots: technology and economics.“了”，“过” 表示行动已经发生 （现在完成时，一般过去时，过去完成时）
他去世时虽然仅32岁，他却已经创作了大量音乐。
… ,but… 而but 之前有2个动词： [去世] [32岁(因为多大只能说 i am 32 years old)]
Although he died when he was 32 years old, he wrote a prodigious(/prə’dɪdʒəs/; 巨大的) amount of music.
添加法
1.添加代词
添加做主语的人称代词
我有很多美妙的想法，但是只把少数付诸实现了。
中文没有主语的情况下：1.添加主语； 2.使用被动
I had many wonderful ideas, but I only put a few into peactice.
a few (有a 肯，没a 否，小样的(little)，不可数)汉语中若无主语，补加代词做主语
活到老，学到老
We live and learn人生的意义不在于已经获取的，而在于渴望得到什么样的东西
The significance of a life is not in what the person attained but rather in what he longs to attain.
long to 渴望添加作宾语的代词
他越想掩盖他的错误，就越容易暴露
The more he tried to hide his mistakes, the more he revealed them添加物主代词
她睁大双眼，听我说话
1 and 2She listened to me with her rounded eyes.
2.代词 it 的添加
- 时间，天气等，
- 固定句型
我花了很长时间才到了医院
It takes sb. sometime to do sth. (非谓语动词做主语，为了避免头重脚轻，用it来做形式主语，正在主语在后面)
It is adj. for sb. to do sth. (所以翻译时，从后向前翻译，做什么事情对某人来说是……)
It took me a long time to reach the hospital.
人民才是最强大的 （这是一个强调句:
It be +被强调部分(主语、宾语 或 状语)+who (that)...）
It is the people who are really powerful.
3.添加连接词
他看上去有些忧愁不安
He looked gloomy and troubled
时间不早了，你最好回家
As it is late, you had better go home.
早知如此，我就不参加了
if I had known it, I would not have joined in to.
4.添加冠词
在过去，飞往月球是绝对办不到的事情
It is out of the question to fly to the moon in the past.
out of the question 不可能的
月亮慢慢从海上升起
The moon was slowly rising above the sea.
当中文有“一个，每个， 这个，那个”等含义时需要冠词
他说，他一英里就赚一块钱
He said he gets a dollar a mile.
5.添加介词
添加表示时间的介词
一九九七年七月，香港回归中国
On July 1, 1997, Hong Kong returned to the People’s Republic of China添加表示地点的介词
冬天，北方的天气比南方冷的多
In winter, it is much colder in the North than it is in the South.
比较结构：前后可比性
6.添加动词
必须在购货单规定的时间交货
Delivery must be reached within the time stated on the purchase order.
- 只有定语从句选择与中文意思无关
名词性从句转换
主语从句
我们何时才能开始这次研究仍然是悬而未决。
When we can begin the research is still a question.
(从句连词比谓语动词少一个)
他准备怎么做这个事情是一个迷
How he is going to do it is a mystery.
宾语从句
他已经通知我他们将在什么时候谈论我的建议
He has informed me when they are to discuss my proposal( 提议).一般将来时：
- will + v(原形)
- be going to do sth.
- be to do sth.
- be about to do sth.
表语从句
问题是我们能否赢得大多数人民群众的支持
The question is whether we can win the majority of the people.
他对新闻界的看法是，记者们不是支持他，就是反对他
His view of the press is that the reporters were either for him or against him.
for against 都是介词，不然句子中介词太多了
同位语从句
我们已经得出这样的结论：实践是检验真理的标准
We have reach the conclusion that practice is the criterion(标准；准则) for testing truth.
draw the conclusion 得出结论；推断
科学家们获得了一个令人振奋的发现—可以把这种废物变成碎料
The scientist made an exciting discovery that this waste material could be turned into plastics.
定语从句转换
1.后置法：当中文有“的”字时， 把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词后面 （名词之后）
奔跑的肥猪 -> 肥猪 that is 奔跑
太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域
Space and oceans are the new world which scientist are trying to explore.
他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂
His laughter, which was infectious(传染的；传染性的), broke the silence(沉寂).which was infectious <=> 动词 -> be + adj
2.当中文有表示时间的含义时
司机在开车时，不许和人谈话，也不能走神
when…
司机 who 开车…
A driver who is driving the bus mustn’t talk with others or be absent-minded.
3.当文中有表示“原因”的含义
他似乎不愿意再和史密斯太太讲话，因为她现在令人厌烦
unwilling adj. 不愿意show no wish
He showed no wish for conversion with Mrs. Smith who was now more than usually disagreeable.
more than = very
4.当文中表示“条件”的含义
人们极其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要它能维持一家人的生活就行
Men become desperate(不顾一切的；令人绝望的) for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families.desperate for 渴望; 急需
5.当中文中有表示”让步“的含义
尽管他并没有这样的需求，他坚持要再买一栋房子
He insisted on buying another house,which he had no use for.insist on
6.当中文表示目的的含义
为了引起公众对这件事情的注意，他想写一篇文章
He wishes to write an article that will attract the public attention to the matter.
状语从句转换
当..., 一... 就..., 直到... 才 , 自从.... , 在... 之前 , 在.... 之后
时间状语从句
他结束讲话的时候，听众掌声雷动
- As he finish the speech, the audience burst into applause(n. 欢呼，喝采).
- burst into applause 爆发出热烈的掌声
我一安排好就通知你
- … as soon as … 一 …… 就 ……
- I’ll let you know as soon as I arranged it.
原因状语从句
因为：seeing that(由于；因为), considering that(考虑到…，就…而论), in that(因为；由于)
气体不同于固体是因为（就在于）他没有固体的形状
- be + adj. 因为 …
- 没有： don’t have; have no
- differ from = be different from
- fixed 永恒的， 固定的
- A gas differs from solid in that it has no fixed shape.
他将得到提升，因为他工作干得好
- promotion n.提升
- He will get promotion for he has done good work.
理论之
所以有价值，是因为它能给实践指出方向
- theory /‘θɪərɪ/ n. 理论；原理
- 给 -> provide
- valuable /‘væljʊəb(ə)l/ n. adj. 有价值的；贵重的; n. 贵重物品
- practice /‘præktɪs/ n. 实践；练习；惯例; v be + adj. 表示动词
- Theory is valuable because it can provide a direction for practice.
条件状语从句
虚拟语气 ： 假的话就用虚拟，客观事实不用虚拟
表示条件功能： if , in the event that ...(如果，万一；在……情况下) , provided that...(如果；条件是；倘若)
假如你把一切都告诉我，那么我就能够做出绝定
- if you tell me about it, then I shall be able to decide.
毫无疑问， 我本来是可以赚到一点的，如果我真有那样打算的话
out of question 毫无疑问
mean: 意思； 打算； 小气
It is no doubt that I could have earned something if I had really meant to.
让步状语从句
no matter (who/how/when/where/…)…
though /ðəʊ/
granted that : granted: conj. 诚然; adv. 的确
即使你不喜欢这个建议，你也不应该没有同别人商量就把他否决了
- 不应该后面有2个动词,而真正要做的是否决，没有商量用 without
- proposal /prə’pozl/ n. 提议，建议；求婚
- consult
/kən'sʌlt/v. 商量；向…请教- Granted that you don’t like the proposal, you shouldn’t have rejected it without consulting others.
目的状语从句
为了： so that , in order that , in order to, so as to, to/for, with the purpose of
以防，万一：lest, for fear that, in case (必须用虚拟语气 should + do (should 可以省略))
他反复强调这一点，免得她忘了。
- He emphasized it again and again lest she should forget.
他们躲在树丛后面，以防被敌人发现
- They hide behind some bushes for fear that the enemy should find them.
结果状语从句
所以
他做了错误的决定，结果浪费了自己半生的时间
中文没有主语：1. 添加主语 2. 使用被动语态
He made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted.
当 so that 做所以的时候，前面必须用逗号隔开
当 so that 前没有逗号时，是： 为了
so … that … 如此 … 以至于…
被动语态的转换
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者
Many people speak English.
English is spoken by many people.主动改成被动的方法
- 将主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语
- 将主动语态的谓语动词改为 “be + 过去分词” 结构
- 主动语态的主语改为介词by之后的宾语，放在谓语动词之后（有时可省略）
- 含直接宾语和间接宾语的主动语态改为被动语态时有两种情况
（直接宾语是谓语动词的承受者，间接宾语表示谓语动作的方向（对谁做）或动作的目标（为谁做），间接宾语紧接在谓语动词后，但它不能单独存在）
He gave me a book.
他给我一本书(me作间接宾语，a book作直接宾语)
- 把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语，直接宾语保留原位；
- 把直接宾语改为被动语态的主语，此时，间接宾语前要加介词 to 或 for;
I was given a book.
A book was given to me.
- 不带 to 的动词不定式做宾语补足语的主动语态，改为被动语态时不定式前面要加to
- 2种动词在主动句中没有to, 而在被动句中要加to : 1.感官动词 2. 使役动词
They watched the children sing that morning.
The children were watched to sing that morning.
带复合宾语（宾补）的动词在改为被动时，一般把主动语态宾语改为主语，宾语补足语在被动语态中做主语补足语
We call him Xiao Wang.
He is called Xiao Wang.
被动语态的使用情况
有 “被， 受， 遭， 让， 给， 由， 把， 得到， 收到， 加以， 得以， 为…所， 由…来” 时
中文没有主语的句子
选择动作的承受者做英文主语时
她爸爸送给她一支新钢笔
She was given a new pen by her father.
A new pen was given to her by her father.
我们在这里所说的话，人们不会长久记住，然而我们在这里所做的事，却能改变世界
What we say here will not be long remembered, but what we do here can change the world.
已经采取了措施来防止这种流行病迅速蔓延
prevent from 阻止
prevent disease from spreading 防止这种疾病蔓延
epidemic n. 传染病; adj. 流行的；传染性的Measures have been taken to prevent the epidemic from spreading quickly.
印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的
Printing was introduced into Eurrope from China.
美国学分制是1872年在哈佛大学首先事实的
credit 学分； 信用
The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.
中国的老人仍旧要由家庭来赡养
elderly adj. 上了年纪的
China’s elderly will be provided for by their families.
常用被动句型 “It + 被动语态 + that” 的翻译
有人认为，心理学是一门复杂的学科
It is considered that psychology is a complex subject.
有人说,科学的范畴可以分为2个主要的领域：自然科学和社会科学
**field 领域 **
area n. 区域，地区；面积；范围
It stressed that the field of science may be divided into two major areas: natural science and social science.